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Subjects | Fact sheet | Samples
Business and economy resources: Sample chronology
Economic theory
948 Qudama ibn-Ja'far writes the Kitab al- Kharaj, an account of the Islamic taxation system.
1179 Richard FitzNigel writes his Dialogus de Scaccario, a description of the English Exchequer.
c. 1382 The French scholar Nicole d'Oresme publishes De moneta/On Money. One of the earliest European treatises on currency, it greatly influences Medieval economic thinking.
1760 The French writer on economics Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau, publishes Théorie de l'impôt/The Theory of Taxation.
1787 The English philosopher Jeremy Bentham publishes his Defence of Usury, setting out his views on economics.
1805 The British home secretary, Lord Liverpool, publishes his Treatise on the Coins of the Realm in which he calls for a real money policy, where the amount of money in circulation corresponds to its true value in gold.
1806 The US statesman James Madison publishes An Examination of the British Doctrine which Subjects to Capture a Neutral Trade not Open in Time of Peace.
1821 The Scottish philosopher James Mill publishes Elements of Political Economy.
1845 The German political writer Friedrich Engels publishes Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England/The Condition of the Working Classes in England, a classic of communism.
1847 The German political philosopher Karl Marx publishes (in French) La Misère de la philosophie/The Misery of Philosophy, an attack on Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's Système des contradictions économiques, ou philosophie de la misère/The System of Economic Contradictions, or the Philosophy of Misery, written in 1847.
1865 The English economist William Stanley Jevons publishes The Coal Question.
1882 The English economist William Stanley Jevons publishes The State in Relation to Labour.
1890 The Scottish economist Robert Giffen publishes The Growth of Capital.
1892 The US economist Irving Fisher publishes Mathematical Investigations in the Theory of Value and Prices.
1920 The British economist Arthur Cecil Pigou publishes his groundbreaking The Economics of Welfare.
1927 English zoologist Charles Elton publishes his first major work, Animal Ecology. The work is hailed as a foundation stone of the 'New Ecology'. Elton describes his approach as 'the sociology and economics of animals'.
1936 English economist John Maynard Keynes publishes General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, proposing that recession can be prevented if the government sponsors a full employment policy. It has a profound effect on economic thinking and government economic strategy worldwide.
1945 The Greater London Plan, 1944 is published in Britain and becomes known as the 'Abercrombie Report' after its author Sir Leslie Abercrombie. It depicts post-war London, England, as a set of concentric circles with different economic activities and population densities.
1960 The Austrian-born English economist Friedrich von Hayek publishes The Constitution of Liberty.
1960 The US economist Walt W(hitman) Rostow publishes The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto.
1962 The US economist Milton Friedman publishes Capitalism and Freedom.
1966 Kenneth Boulding of the University of Colorado, USA, publishes The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth. Boulding is an economist who expresses neo-Malthusian concerns about the future of the Earth's resources, especially energy resources.
1966 The US historian Douglass C North publishes Growth and Welfare in the American Past: A New Economic History.
December 1968 US biologist Garrett Hardin publishes his essay 'The Tragedy of the Commons'.
1972 The English economist C H Feinstein publishes National Income, Expenditure, and Output of the United Kingdom, 1855–1965.
1973 German economist E F Schumacher publishes Small is Beautiful: A Study of Economics as if People Mattered, an influential book that expresses a growing concern with the disparity between the economies of the West and the developing world.
1973 Herman E Daly, professor of economics at Louisiana State University, USA, publishes The Steady Sate Economy: Toward a Political Economy of Biophysical Equilibrium and Moral Growth. In this work, Daly revives the ideas of John Stuart Mill that economic growth for its own sake is futile and society should aim for a steady-state economy.
5 September 1974 Keith Joseph, the Conservative shadow home secretary, questions the whole basis of post-war British economic policy in a speech at Preston, Lancashire.
1977 The Canadian-born US economist J K Galbraith publishes The Age of Uncertainty.
1977 US political scientist Charles Lindblom publishes Politics and Markets.
1980 The Encyclopedia of American Economic History is published.
30 March 1981 A number of academic economists sign a memorandum calling on the British government to abandon the theories of hardline monetarism.
1986 The final volume of The Collected Works of Walter Bagehot, edited by Norman St John-Stevas, is published.
1988 The English economist Henry Phelps Brown publishes Egalitarianism and the Generation of Inequality.
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