
	E-mail us at helicon@rm.com or telephone us on 08450 700300.


	Looking for help with one of our CD-ROM products? Visit our technical support section.

Data sets and samples

Subjects | Fact sheet | Samples

History: Sample tables

Civil War, American: Key Dates

1861 February	Having seceded from the Union, seven southern states (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas) send representatives to Montgomery, Alabama, to form the rebel Confederate States of America under the presidency of Jefferson Davis. Their constitution legalizes slavery.
April	Rebel forces attack a Federal garrison at Fort Sumter, Charleston, South Carolina, capturing it on 14 April. President Lincoln proclaims a blockade of southern ports.
April–May	Four more states secede from the Union: Virginia (part remaining loyal, eventually becoming West Virginia), Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina.
July	Battle of Bull Run is the first major military engagement of the war, near Manassas Junction, Virginia; Confederate army under generals P G T Beauregard and Thomas 'Stonewall' Jackson forces Union army to retreat to Washington DC.
1862 February	Union general Ulysses S Grant captures strategically located forts Henry and Donelson in Tennessee.
April	Battle of Shiloh, the bloodiest Americans had yet fought, when at terrible cost Grant's army forces rebel troops to withdraw. Confederate government introduces conscription of male white citizens aged 18–35.
June–July	Seven Days' battles in Virginia between Union army under George B McClellan and Confederate forces under generals Jackson and Robert E Lee; McClellan withdraws, but continues to threaten the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia.
August	At second Battle of Bull Run, Lee's troops force Union army to fall back again to Washington DC.
September	At Battle of Antietam, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, McClellan forces Lee to give up his offensive, but fails to pursue the enemy. Lincoln removes him from his command.
December	Lee inflicts heavy losses on Federal forces attacking his position at Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia.
1863 January	Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation comes into effect, freeing slaves in the Confederate states (but not those in border states which have remained loyal to the Union). Some 200,000 blacks eventually serve in Union armies.
March	Federal government introduces conscription.
May	Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia; Lee and Jackson rout Union forces.
July	Lee fails to break through Union lines at decisive Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, while Grant captures Vicksburg and the west and takes control of the Mississippi, cutting the Confederacy in two.
November	Grant's victory at Chattanooga, Tennessee, leads to his appointment as general in chief by Lincoln (March 1864). Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.
1864 May	Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia. Lee inflicts heavy casualties on Union forces, but Grant continues to move south through Virginia. They clash again at Battle of Spotsylvania.
June	Battle of Cold Harbor claims 12,000 casualties in a few hours. Grant writes: 'I propose to fight it out along this line if it takes all summer'.
September	Union general William T Sherman occupies Atlanta, Georgia, and marches through the state to the sea, cutting a wide swathe of destruction.
November	Lincoln is re-elected president.
December	Sherman marches into Savannah, Georgia, continuing over the next three months into South and North Carolina.
1865 March	Lee fails to break through Union lines at Battle of Petersburg, Virginia.
April	Lee abandons Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia, and surrenders to Grant at Appomattox courthouse, Virginia. John Wilkes Booth assassinates President Lincoln at Ford's Theatre, Washington DC.
May	Last Confederate soldiers lay down their arms. The war has taken the lives of 359,528 Union troops and 258,000 Confederates, and cost $20 billion.

Inca Emperors

According to Inca legend, Manco Capac, the first emperor, was sent to Earth by his father, the Sun, to found a city. The last Inca emperor of Peru, Atahualpa, was executed by the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro in 1533. The Spanish installed a number of native puppet rulers until 1572.

Reign	Name
The Kingdom of Cuzco
c. 1200–1400	Manco Capac¹
	Sinchi Roca¹
	Lloque Yupanqui¹
	Mayta Capac¹
	Capac Yupanqui²
	Inca Roca²
	Yahuar Huacadc²
until 1438	Viracocha Inca
The Empire
1438–71	Pachacuti
1471–93	Topa Inca
1493–1528	Huayna Capac
1528–32	Huascar
1532–33	Atahualpa
The Vilcabamba State
1533	Topa Hualpa
1533–45	Manco Inca
1545–60	Sayri Tupac
1560–71	Titu Cusi Yupanqui
1571–72	Tupac Amaru

¹ Mythical figure.

² Dates of reign are unknown.